Source: http://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/-ed.htm
How to Pronounce -ed in English
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The past simple tense and past participle of all regular verbs end in -ed. For example:
base verb
(v1) | past simple
(v2) | past participle
(v3) |
| work | worked | worked |
In addition, many adjectives are made from the past participle and so end in -ed. For example:
- I like painted furniture.
The question is: How do we pronounce the -ed?
The answer is: In 3 ways - / Id/ or / t/ or / d/
| If the base verb ends in one of these sounds: | example base verb*: | example
with -ed: | pronounce
the -ed: | extra syllable? |
| unvoiced | /t/ | want | wanted | / Id/ | yes |
| voiced | /d/ | end | ended |
| unvoiced | /p/ | hope | hoped | / t/ | no |
| /f/ | laugh | laughed |
| /s/ | fax | faxed |
| /S/ | wash | washed |
| /tS/ | watch | watched |
| /k/ | like | liked |
| voiced | all other sounds,
for example... | play | played | / d/ |
| allow | allowed |
| beg | begged |
* note that it is the sound that is important, not the letter or spelling. For example, "fax" ends in the letter "x" but the sound /s/; "like" ends in the letter "e" but the sound /k/.
Exceptions The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /Id/:
So we say:
- an aged man /Id/
- a blessed nuisance /Id/
- a dogged persistance /Id/
- a learned professor - the professor, who was truly learned /Id/
- a wretched beggar - the beggar was wretched /Id/
But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal rules apply and we say:
- he aged quickly /d/
- he blessed me /t/
- they dogged him /d/
- he has learned well /d/ or /t/
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